Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs

           Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive.

The verb "be"

           The verb be can be used as an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for compound tenses and the passive voice. Note that be is an irregular verb:

Simple Present:

I am, he/she/it is, we/you/they are

Simple Past:

I/he/she/it was, we/you/they were

Past Participle:

been

You can tell that in the following sentences be is an auxiliary because it is followed by another verb (the full verb). (For progressive forms use the "-ing" form of the full verb; for passive voice, use the past participle of the full verb.)
Progressive Forms

Present Progressive:

He is playing football.

Past Progressive:

He was playing football.

Present Perfect Progressive:

He has been playing football.

Past Perfect Progressive:

He had been playing football.

Passive

Simple Present/Past:

The house is/was built.

Present/Past Perfect:

The house has/had been built.

Future I:

The house will be built.

"be" as a full verb
The verb be can also be a full verb. In this case, it's not followed by another verb. If be is used as a full verb, we do not need an auxiliary in negative sentences or questions.

positive sentence:

They are fifteen years old.

negative sentence:

They are not fifteen years old.

question:

Are they fifteen years old?

The verb "have"

             The verb have, too, can be used both as an auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb to form compound tenses in active and passive voice. (Use the past participle of the full verb.)
Compound Tenses - Active Voice

Present Perfect Simple:

He has played football.

Past Perfect Simple:

He had played football.

Present Perfect Progressive:

He has been playing football.

Past Perfect Progressive:

He had been playing football.

Compound Tenses - Passive Voice

Present/Past Perfect:

The house has/had been built.

Note that have is an irregular verb, too:

Simple Present:

I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has

Simple Past:

I/he/she/it/we/you/they had

Past Participle:

had

"have" in positive sentences
As a full verb have indicates possession. In British English, however, we usually use have got (have being the auxiliary, got the full verb).

full verb:

I have a car.

auxiliary verb:

I have got a car.

"have" in negative sentences and questions
When we use have as a full verb, we must use the auxiliary do in negative sentences and questions. If we use have got, however, we do not need another auxiliary.

have as a full verb:

I do not have a car.

Do I have a car?

have as an auxiliary verb:

I have not got a car.

Have I got a car?

The verb "will"

           The verb will can only be used as an auxiliary. We use it to form the future tenses.
The auxiliary verb "will"

Future I:

He will not play football.

Future II:

He will have played football.

The verb will remains the same for all forms (no "s" for 3rd person singular). The short form for negative sentences is won't.'

Examples:

I will, he will

I will not = I won't

The verb "do"

The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negative sentences and questions for most verbs (except not for be, will, have got and modal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple Past. (Use the infinitive of the full verb.)
The auxiliary "do" in negative sentences

Simple Present:

He does not play football.

Simple Past:

He did not play football.

The auxiliary "do" in questions

Simple Present:

Does he play football?

Simple Past:

Did he play football?

The verb do is irregular:

Simple Present:

I/we/you/they do, he/she/it does

Simple Past:

I/he/she/it/we/you/they did

The full verb "do"
As a full verb we use do in certain expressions. If we want to form negative sentences or questions using do as a full verb, we need another do as an auxiliary.

positive sentence:

She does her homework every day.

negative sentence:

She doesn't do her homework every day.

question:

Does she do her homework every day?

Sentences without the auxiliary "do"

In the following cases, the auxiliary do is not used in negative sentences/questions:
the full verb is "be"

Example:

I am not angry. / Are you okay?

the sentence already contains another auxiliary (e.g. have, be, will)

Example:

They are not sleeping. / Have you heard that?

the sentence contains a modal verb (can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, should)

Example:

We need not wait. / Can you repeat that, please?

the question asks for the subject of the sentence

Example:

Who sings that song?

 

Exercises on Auxiliary Verbs

1. Fill in the blanks using am, is or are. 1. We amisare sick.                     6.The baby amisare crying. 2. It amisare cold today.            7. He amisare sleeping. 3.They amisare Japanese.        8. He amisare reading. 4.  I amisare seven.                    9.  It amisare a shop. 5. She amisare studying.            10. We amisare playing.

2. Is the bold verb an auxiliary or a full verb? I am hungry. auxiliary verbfull verb They will help you. auxiliary verbfull verb We do not know his address. auxiliary verbfull verb My friend Amy does a lot of sports. auxiliary verbfull verb How much is it? auxiliary verbfull verb I am reading an interesting book at the moment. auxiliary verbfull verb Will you be there? auxiliary verbfull verb She has never been to London. auxiliary verbfull verb Does he speak English? auxiliary verbfull verb They have a cat and a dog. auxiliary verbfull verb Reference http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary-verbs www.englishexercises.org/.../buscar.asp?...auxiliary+verbs www.eslprintables.com/.../buscar.asp?...auxiliary+verbs www.buzzle.com/articles/helping-verbs-list.html

Wh-Questions

   Wh questions (Question Words)

 

The grammar used with wh- questions depends on whether the topic being asked about is the "subject" or "predicate" of a sentence. For the subject pattern, simply replace the person or thing being asked about with the appropriate wh-word.

Types of questions

There are two types of questions:

• Yes or no questions
• Wh questions

Question words

Question words are also called wh questions because they include the letters  'W'and 'H'.

Question words	Meaning	Examples
who	person	Who's that? That's Nancy.
where	place	Where do you live? In Boston
why	reason	Why do you sleep early? Because I've got to get up early
when	time	When do you go to work? At 7:00
how	manner	How do you go? By car
what	object, idea or action	What do you do? I am an engineer
which	choice	Which one do you prefer? The red one.
whose	possession	Whose is this book? It's Alan's.
whom	object of the verb	Whom did you meet? I met the manager.
what kind	description	What kind of music do you like? I like quiet songs
what time	time	What time did you come home?
how many	quantity (countable)	How many students are there? There are twenty.
how much	amount, price (uncountable)	How much time have we got? Ten minutes
how long	duration, length	How long did you stay in that hotel? For two weeks.
how often	frequency	How often do you go to the gym? Twice a week.
how far	distance	How far is your school? It's one mile far.
how old	age	How old are you? I'm 16.
how come	reason	How come I didn't see at the party?

Asking questions

1.If you ask about the subject of the sentence, simply add the question word at the beginning:
Example:
James writes good poems. — Who writes good pems?

2.If you ask about the predicate of the sentence (the part of a sentence which contains the verb and gives information about the subject), there are three options:

• If there is a helping (auxilary) verb that precedes the main verb ( foe example, can, is, are, was, were, will, would...), add the question word and invert the subject and the helping (auxilary) verb.
  Examples:
  He can speak Chinese. — What can he speak?
  They are leaving tonight. — When are they leaving?
• If you ask about the predicate and there is no helping (auxilary) verb and the verb is "to be", simply add the question verb and invert the subject and the verb.
  Example:
  The play was interesting. — How was the play?
• If there is no helping (auxilary) verb in the the predicate and the main verb is not "to be", add the auxilary "do" in the appropriate form.
  Examples:
  They go to the movies every Saturday. — Where do they go to the movies?
  He wakes up early. — When does he wake up?
  They sent a letter. — What did they send?

Tense Question about:    

Example

Present Simple     Place   :Where does she play?

Past Simple     Time           :When did they play?

Present Progressive     Manner        :How is he playing?

Past Progressive     Direct object     :What was he playing?

Present Perfect     Indirect object     :With who have you played?

Progressive     Choice     :Which game have you been playing?

Past Perfect     Reason     :Why had they played?

Progressive     Frequency     :How often had she been playing?

Future Simple     Number     :How much will I play?

Modals     Possession     :Whose role can he play?

Conditional     Duration     :How long would it take?

Conditional perfect     Age     :How old would he have been?

Make present simple ‘wh’ questions:

1.  (where / you / go to school?) ________________________________________

2.  (what / you / do?)
__________________________________________________________________

3.  (where / John / come from?)
__________________________________________________________________

4.  (how long / it / take from London to Paris?)
__________________________________________________________________

5.  (how often / she / go to the cinema?)
__________________________________________________________________

6.  (how many children / you / have?)
__________________________________________________________________

7.  (when / you / get up?)
__________________________________________________________________

8.  (how often / you / study English?)
__________________________________________________________________

9.  (what time / the film / start?)
__________________________________________________________________

10. (where / you / play tennis?)
__________________________________________________________________

11. (what sports / Lucy / like?)
__________________________________________________________________

12. (how / they / get to work?)
__________________________________________________________________

13. (how often / I / come here?)
__________________________________________________________________

14. (where / she / live?)
__________________________________________________________________

15. (why / you / eat so much chocolate?)
__________________________________________________________________

16. (what / this machine / do?)
__________________________________________________________________

17. (who / she / meet on Saturdays?)
__________________________________________________________________

18. (how many brothers / she / have?)
__________________________________________________________________

19. (how much / this / cost?)
__________________________________________________________________

20. (where / you / eat lunch?)
__________________________________________________________________

Answers:

1.  Where do you go to school?
2.  What do you do?
3.  Where does John come from?
4.  How long does it take from London to Paris?
5.  How often does she go to the cinema?
6.  How many children do you have?
7.  When do you get up?
8.  How often do you study English?
9.  What time does the film start?
10. Where do you play tennis?
11. What sports does Lucy like?
12. How do they get to work?
13. How often do I come here?
14. Where does she live?
15. Why do you eat so much chocolate?
16. What does this machine do?
17. Who does she meet on Saturdays?
18. How many brothers does she have?
19. How much does this cost?
20. Where do you eat lunch? 

Reference:   http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/

                  http://www.whitesmoke.com/wh-questions

                  http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-wh-questions.php

There is/There are

There is/There are 

It is very common to use the phrase

there is/there are to state the something exists or to point out something in the distance (it can be the close distance or far distance)

*There is/There are is not the same as "have"

There is/There are can be used as the sentences subject. Have can't be used as the sentences subject.

"There is" - is used with the following subjects: Singular nouns ,Uncountable nouns and 3rd person singular (he, she, my mother, my sister, etc.).

      Example

- There is my sister on the corner.

- There is a lot of water in the street. There must have 
   been  a flood.

- There is a big cat in front of my house.

"There are" - is used with the following subjects:  3rd person plural  (they, my sisters, the dogs, the students, etc.)

      Example

- There are many people sitting on the bench.

- There are many dogs in the street.

- There are sites on the internet that are really good.   Exercise

Fill in all the gaps(there is, there are)

1 a lot of traffic in Valencia.

2 anywhere to park around here?

3 much sugar.

4  enough time to finish?

5  a few bananas and a few apples.

6 only one way to solve this problem.

7 anyone here who wants to volunteer?

8 many tigers left in the world.

9 a lot of information available on this

                       issue.
10 any public buses in Los Angeles?

Reference:

http://www.english-the-easy-way.com

http://www.english-zone.com/verbs/thereisare1.html

หนังสือ Understanding and Using English Grammar

http://www.autoenglish.org/gr.there.i.html

V to be

V to be

 Verb to be อยู่ในกลุ่มกริยาช่วย(Auxiliary Verbs) ซึงเเบ่งออกเป็น 4 กลุ่มใหญ่ๆ ได้แก่ Verb to be,Verb to do,Verb to have และกริยาช่วยตัวอิ่นๆซึ่งเมื่อนับรวมกันทั้งหมดแล้วจะมีอยู่ด้วยกัน 24 ตัว

    หลักการใช้ Verb to Be

1.  Be เป็นรูป Intensive ของ Verb to Be โดยปกติเล้วจะมี to นำหน้า ยกเว้นใช้ตามหลังกริยาบางตัว หรือขึ้นต้นประโยคเมื่อเป็นคำสั่ง

  1.1  ใช้ be ตามหลัง to

     - I want to be a docter.

 1.2 ใช้ be ตามหลัง will,shall เเสดงอนาคตกาล

     - I will be there tomorrow

 1.3 ใช้ be ตามหลังกริยาพิเศษบางตัว เช่น must, may,might,can,could,should,ought to,would

 1.4 ใช้ be  ขึ้นตะนประโยคคำสั่งและหละง Don't เป็นการห้าม เช่น Be quiet! The father is sleeping.

2. Is, Am, Are

Verb to be มีอยู่ 3 รูป คือ   is, am, are  หลักการใช้มีดังนี้
  2.1 am  ใช้กับประธานที่เป็น  I  เท่านั้น
        เช่น  I am a good student.
                 I am 13 years old.
             
  2.2  is ใช้กับประธานที่เป็นเอกพจน์เท่านั้น (He, She, It)
        เช่น   He is 15 years old.
                  She is a beautiful woman.
                    It is my book.

  2.3 are ใช้กับประธานที่เป็นพหูพจน์เท่านั้น (You, We, They)
        เช่น  You are my best friend.
                                                                             We are students in Chok-Chai school.
                                                                              They are happy.

  3. Was,Were เป็นรูปอดีต ของ is, am, are ดังนั้นจึงสามารถนำไปใช้ในประโยคเหมือนกันได้ทุกประการ เพียงเเต่ใช้กับเหตุการณ์ในอดีตเท่านั้น

                                                             เช่น I was here yesterday.

                  They were playing cards when I came.

                   He was not here yesterday.

 - ส่วน been เป็น past participle ของ is am are มักจะใช้กับ Perfect tense เช่น

                  I have been here for two days.

                  I have never been to Chiengmai. 

                       แบบฝึกหัด

AM - IS - ARE

1. She ............. in the house.

2. The dog and the cat ............. in the garden.

3. The woman ............. behind a tree.

4. I ............. Kevin.

5. Carol and I ............. friends.

6. It ............. black.

7. My name ............. Bob.

8. They ............. nice girls.

9. The children ............. in the shop.

10. He ............. a teacher.

11. We ............. hungry.

12. Mrs Dixon ............. funny and nice.

13. I ............. twelve years old.

14. Jim and Cathy ............. at school.

15. The elephants ............. tired. 

Reference :

http://neric-club.com/data.php?page=14&menu_id=41

http://www.angelfire.com/folk/witpong/present_continuous.htm  

http://www.yindii.cohttp//www.yindii.com/ref/grammar/tenses.htmm/ref/grammar/tenses.htm

Standard English Grammar for New Curriculum Book