วันจันทร์ที่ 10 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2554

Comparative and Superlative


Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectives



One-syllable adjectives.

Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative.
One-Syllable AdjectiveComparative FormSuperlative Form
talltallertallest
oldolderoldest
longlongerlongest
  • Mary is taller than Max.
  • Mary is the tallest of all the students.
  • Max is older than John.
  • Of the three students, Max is the oldest.
  • My hair is longer than your hair.
  • Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.
If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form.
One-Syllable Adjective with Final -eComparative FormSuperlative Form
largelargerlargest
wisewiserwisest
  • Mary's car is larger than Max's car.
  • Mary's house is the tallest of all the houses on the block.
  • Max is wiser than his brother.
  • Max is the wisest person I know.
If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form.
One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Consonant with a Single Vowel before It
Comparative FormSuperlative Form
bigbiggerbiggest
thinthinnerthinnest
fatfatterfattest
  • My dog is bigger than your dog.
  • My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.
  • Max is thinner than John.
  • Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.
  • My mother is fatter than your mother.
  • Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.

Two-syllable adjectives.

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.
Two-Syllable AdjectiveComparative FormSuperlative Form
peacefulmore peacefulmost peaceful
pleasantmore pleasantmost pleasant
carefulmore carefulmost careful
thoughtfulmore thoughtfulmost thoughtful
  • This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.
  • Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
  • Max is more careful than Mike.
  • Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.
  • Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
  • Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.
If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est.
Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -yComparative FormSuperlative Form
happyhappierhappiest
angryangrierangriest
busybusierbusiest
  • John is happier today than he was yesterday.
  • John is the happiest boy in the world.
  • Max is angrier than Mary.
  • Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.
  • Mary is busier than Max.
  • Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.
Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er and –est to form the comparative and superlative forms.
Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or -owComparative FormSuperlative Form
narrownarrowernarrowest
gentlegentlergentlest
  • The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
  • This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.
  • Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
  • Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Adjectives with three or more syllables.

For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.
Adjective with Three or More SyllablesComparative FormSuperlative Form
generousmore generousmost generous
importantmore importantmost important
intelligentmore intelligentmost intelligent
  • John is more generous than Jack.
  • John is the most generous of all the people I know.
  • Health is more important than money.
  • Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.
  • Women are more intelligent than men.
  • Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.

Exceptions.

Irregular adjectives.
Irregular AdjectiveComparative FormSuperlative Form
goodbetterbest
badworseworst
farfartherfarthest
littlelessleast
manymoremost
  • Italian food is better than American food.
  • My dog is the best dog in the world.
  • My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
  • Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.
Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most.
Two-Syllable AdjectiveComparative FormSuperlative Form
clevercleverercleverest
clevermore clevermost clever
gentlegentlergentlest
gentlemore gentlemost gentle
friendlyfriendlierfriendliest
friendlymore friendlymost friendly
quietquieterquietest
quietmore quietmost quiet
simplesimplersimplest
simplemore simplemost simple
  • Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
  • Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.
  • Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs.
  • Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle.
 Comparative & Superlative Adjectives 

Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the adjective.
 


 
  1.   Jeremy is 10 years old.  Julie is 8 years old.  Jeremy is (old)__________________Julie 
 
  2.   The Alps are very high.  They are (high) ____________________ mountains in Europe.
 
 
  3.   An ocean is (large) _____________________ a sea.
 
 
  4.   A Rolls Royce costs a lot of money.   A Twingo costs less money. 
        A Rolls Royce is (expensive) ________________________ a Twingo.
 
 
  5.   John's results were bad.  Fred's results were very poor.  Fred's results were (bad) _______________ John's.
 

   6.   This exercise is not difficult.  It's (easy) _____________________ I expected.
 
 
  7.   The weather is not good today - it's raining.   I hope the weather will be (good) _______________ next week.
 
 
  8.   People are not friendly in big cities.  They are usually (friendly) ____________________ in small towns.
 
 
  9.   In the government of a country, the President is (important) _____________________ person.
 

 10.  People say that Chinese is (difficult) ____________________to learn than English.
 


Use the adjectives in the box once only to fill the gaps. ("X2" means you use it twice.)

badcleanfar
big X2dangerousgood
cheap
expensiveluxurious
1The distance from Sydney to Madrid is ________________ than the distance from New York to London. 
2David's kitchen is very dirty. Mine is much ________________ .
3 That film was terrible. In fact, it's ________________  film I've ever seen. 
4Generally speaking, the coffee in Spain and Italy is ________________  than the coffee you get in Britain.
5Riding a motorbike is ________________  than driving a car.
6Clare's apartment is just as ________________ as Michael's.
7One night at The Ritz is ________________ than a week in The Holiday Inn.
8Rolls Royce make some of ________________ cars in the world. 
9If you buy ________________, you won't get the best.
10
The aquarium in Valencia is ________________ in Europe.

Reference
http://www.eflnet.com/tutorials/adjcompsup.php
http://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/adjectives-ex.html 
http://esl.about.com/cs/beginner/a/beg_compsup.htm
http://www.michellehenry.fr/big.jpg


วันจันทร์ที่ 20 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2553

Imperative Sentence

The Imperative Sentence

Learn About It

An imperative sentence gives a command. It usually end with a period, but it may also end with an exclamation point (!).
Commands ask or tell people to do something.
"Please pass the salt." is a command, that does not sound as commanding as, "Get out of my way!" But, both of these sentences are imperatives because they are both asking or telling someone to do something.

Finding the Subject

This may sound strange, but every single command has the same subject! Yikes! How is that even possible?
Well, since commands are always speaking to someone or something (you've got to address them if you're going to ask them to do something), the subject is always the word you.
You may have noticed, the word "you" is not even in a command. Because of this, the subject is actually called you understood, and it is written like this: (you)
This means that the subject is the word you, but since it is not written or spoken in the sentence, it is understood and is therefore in parentheses.
ImperativeSubject
Please find my yellow leotard.(you)
Shut the door!(you)
Be there at 5:00.(you)




Diagramming Commands


You'll notice that every command has the same subject, (you).
Please find my yellow leotard.
Shut the door!
Be there at 5:00.
 

The Sentence Types

Learn All About Them

We use different sentence types each day because we have different purposes for our sentences.
When we categorize sentences based on their purpose, there are four different types of sentences.

1. Statements

Sometime we just want to make a statement.
A declarative sentence makes a statement.
It is the most common type of sentence. We use these guys all the time.

This butter used to be in the cupboard.


2. Questions

Sometimes we want to ask a question.
An interrogative sentence asks a question.

Where is the butter?


3. Exclamations

Sometimes we want to shout.
An exclamatory sentence makes a statement with emotion!
It always ends with an exclamation mark.

 
I can't find the butter!

These types of sentences show the most energy of all of the types of sentences. For that reason, I sure like exclamatory sentences!

4. Commands

Sometimes we want to give a command.
An imperative sentence is a command.

 
Show me the butter.

Note that although you can sound jerky when you use commands (Bring me my book...now!), you are even using commands when you use the word please.
So even though you may say:

Please show me the butter.

The sentence is still called a command.


Order Your  answer. (fill in the blank)

2. Let's the cinema. to go

 
 

 

 

 

 
10. word. say not Let's a  



Check your answer!!!

1.  DON'T LET THE CAMERA GET WET.
2.LET'S GO TO THE CINEMA.
3.DON'T SPEAK LIKE THAT.
4.DON'T PAY ATTENTION TO HER.
5.  LET HER GO TO THE PARTY TONIGHT.
6. DON'T DRIVE TOO FAST.
7.  CLOSE THE DOOR.
8.SIT DOWN AND OPEN YOUR BOOK PAGE 26.
9.YOU, LISTEN TO ME.
10. LET'S NOT SAY A WORD.
 



Reference
http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/imperative-sentence.html
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-8768.php
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/english_lessons/imperative-sentences
http://www.eslprintables.com/printable.asp?id=94406

วันอาทิตย์ที่ 12 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2553

Present simple

Present Simple Girl 

We use the present simple to talk about actions we see as long term or permanent. It is a very common and very important tense.
Here, we are talking about regular actions or events.
  • They drive to the office every day.
  • She doesn't come here very often.
  • The news usually starts at 6.00 every evening.
  • Do you usually have bacon and eggs for breakfast?
Here, we are talking about facts.
  • We have two children.
  • Water freezes at 0° C or 32° F.
  • What does this expression mean?
  • The Thames flows through London.
Here, we are talking about future facts, usually found in a timetable or a chart.
  • Christmas Day falls on a Monday this year.
  • The plane leaves at 5.00 tomorrow morning.
  • Ramadan doesn't start for another 3 weeks.
  • Does the class begin at 10 or 11 this week?
Here, we are talking about our thoughts and feelings at the time of speaking. Although these feelings can be short-term, we use the present simple and not the present continuous.
  • They don't ever agree with us.
  • I think you are right.
  • She doesn't want you to do it.
  • Do you understand what I am trying to say.
 



Present Simple Sentences - Affirmative



   David / hate / alcohol
 


2   my / play / brothers / basketball
 


3   I / drink / sometimes / coffee
 


4   Pili and Sofia / like / ice cream
 


5   never / I / read / a / bookbook.jpg
 


6   my sister / parties / enjoyfiesta.jpg
 


7   brother / your / friendly / look /
 


8   teacher / my / like / music
 


9   go / the disco / to / we / Saturday/ on
 


10   she / study / every / day
 





Simple Present Tense

Simple Present gap-fill exercise


Fill in all the gaps, with the words in the box.
Press "Check" to check your answers.
Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if an answer is giving you trouble.
You can also click on the "[?]" button to get a clue.
Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints or clues!



   brush      comb      dry      eat      get dressed      get up      go      have      make      pick up      put on      rings      wake up      wear   
Every weekday morning I  as soon as my alarm . After 10 minutes I  and go to the bathroom. I  a shower, my teeth and  my hair. After my shower I  myself with a big towel and go back to the bedroom.


In the bedroom I  my makeup and , I sometimes  trousers and a blouse or top with sandals or shoes. Next I usually go to the kitchen and myself a cup of tea, although I sometimes drink coffee instead of tea. For breakfast I often  cornflakes, toast and marmalade and a piece of fruit. After breakfast I  my car keys and  to work.
 

วันอาทิตย์ที่ 5 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2553

Preposition

Preposition


             A preposition describes a relationship between other words prepositional phrases. Prepositional phrases can be made up of a million different words, but they tend to be built the same: a preposition followed by a determiner and an adjective or two, followed by a pronoun or noun (called the object of the preposition). This whole phrase, in turn, takes on a modifying role, acting as an adjective or an adverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened.
in a sentence. In itself, a word like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words. For instance, when you do try to define a preposition like "in" or "between" or "on," you invariably use your hands to show how something is situated in relationship to something else. Prepositions are nearly always combined with other words in structures called
Consider the professor's desk and all the prepositional phrases we can use while talking about it.

You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet are under the desk or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk through the desk (and stuff would fall off the desk). Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often looks across the desk and speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of nothing except the desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he paid for the desk, and if he could live without the desk. You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he sits at the desk or leans against the desk.

All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the class, until the class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And the professor can sit there in a bad mood [another adverbial construction].
Those words in bold blue font are all prepositions. Some prepositions do other things besides locate in space or time — "My brother is like my father." "Everyone in the class except me got the answer." — but nearly all of them modify in one way or another. It is possible for a preposition phrase to act as a noun — "During a church service is not a good time to discuss picnic plans" or "In the South Pacific is where I long to be" — but this is seldom appropriate in formal or academic writing.



You may have learned that ending a sentence with a preposition is a serious breach of grammatical etiquette. It doesn't take a grammarian to spot a sentence-ending preposition, so this is an easy rule to get caught up on (!). Although it is often easy to remedy the offending preposition, sometimes it isn't, and repair efforts sometimes result in a clumsy sentence. "Indicate the book you are quoting from" is not greatly improved with "Indicate from which book you are quoting."


Based on shaky historical precedent, the rule itself is a latecomer to the rules of writing. Those who dislike the rule are fond of recalling Churchill's rejoinder: "That is nonsense up with which I shall not put." We should also remember the child's complaint: "What did you bring that book that I don't like to be read to out of up for?"




Is it any wonder that prepositions create such troubles for students for whom English is a second language? We say we are at the hospital to visit a friend who is in the hospital. We lie in bed but on the couch. We watch a film at the theater but on television. For native speakers, these little words present little difficulty, but try to learn another language, any other language, and you will quickly discover that prepositions are troublesome wherever you live and learn. This page contains some interesting (sometimes troublesome) prepositions with brief usage notes. To address all the potential difficulties with prepositions in idiomatic usage would require volumes, and the only way English language learners can begin to master the intricacies of preposition usage is through practice and paying close attention to speech and the written word. Keeping a good dictionary close at hand (to hand?) is an important first step.

Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in

We use at to designate specific times.
#The train is due at 12:15 p.m.
We use on to designate days and dates.
#My brother is coming on Monday.
#We're having a party on the Fourth of July.
We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.
#She likes to jog in the morning.
#It's too cold in winter to run outside.
#He started the job in 1971.
#He's going to quit in August.

Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in

We use at for specific addresses.
#Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.
We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.
#Her house is on Boretz Road.
And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).
#She lives in Durham.
#Durham is in Windham County.
#Windham County is in Connecticut.

Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on
and No Preposition

IN
(the) bed*
the bedroom
the car
(the) class*
the library*
school*
AT
class*
home
the library*
the office
school*
work
ON
the bed*
the ceiling
the floor
the horse
the plane
the train
NO PREPOSITION
downstairs
downtown
inside
outside
upstairs
uptown
* You may sometimes use different prepositions for these locations.




Prepositions of Movement: to
and No Preposition

We use to in order to express movement toward a place.
#They were driving to work together.
#She's going to the dentist's office this morning.
Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you.
#We're moving toward the light.
#This is a big step towards the project's completion.
With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition.
#Grandma went upstairs
#Grandpa went home.
#They both went outside.

Prepositions of Time: for and since

We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).
#He held his breath for seven minutes.
#She's lived there for seven years.
#The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.
We use since with a specific date or time.
#He's worked here since 1970.
#She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.

Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs.

Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have practically become one word. (In fact, in other languages, such as German, they would have become one word.) This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives, and verbs.


NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS

approval of
awareness of
belief in
concern for
confusion about
desire for
fondness for
grasp of
hatred of
hope for
interest in
love of
need for
participation in
reason for
respect for
success in
understanding of



ADJECTIVES and PREPOSITIONS

afraid of
angry at
aware of
capable of
careless about
familiar with
fond of
happy about
interested in
jealous of
made of
married to
proud of
similar to
sorry for
sure of
tired of
worried about




VERBS and PREPOSITIONS

apologize for
ask about
ask for
belong to
bring up
care for
find out
give up
grow up
look for
look forward to
look up
make up
pay for
prepare for
study for
talk about
think about
trust in
work for
worry about



A combination of verb and preposition is called a phrasal verb. The word that is joined to the verb is then called a particle. Please refer to the brief section we have prepared on phrasal verbs for an explanation.

Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions

  • agree to a proposal, with a person, on a price, in principle
  • argue about a matter, with a person, for or against a proposition
  • compare to to show likenesses, with to show differences (sometimes similarities)
  • correspond to a thing, with a person
  • differ from an unlike thing, with a person
  • live at an address, in a house or city, on a street, with other people

Unnecessary Prepositions

In everyday speech, we fall into some bad habits, using prepositions where they are not necessary. It would be a good idea to eliminate these words altogether, but we must be especially careful not to use them in formal, academic prose.
  • She met up with the new coach in the hallway.
  • The book fell off of the desk.
  • He threw the book out of the window.
  • She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. [or use "in"]
  • Where did they go to?
  • Put the lamp in back of the couch. [use "behind" instead]
  • Where is your college at?

Prepositions in Parallel Form

(Click HERE for a definition and discussion of parallelism.) When two words or phrases are used in parallel and require the same preposition to be idiomatically correct, the preposition does not have to be used twice.
#You can wear that outfit in summer and in winter.
#The female was both attracted by and distracted by the male's dance.
However, when the idiomatic use of phrases calls for different prepositions, we must be careful not to omit one of them.
#The children were interested in and disgusted by the movie.
#It was clear that this player could both contribute to and learn from every game he played.
#He was fascinated by and enamored of this beguiling woman.


Excercise
Instructions: For each question, choose the single best answer. Make your choice by clicking on its button. You can change your answers at any time. When the quiz is graded, the correct answers will appear in the box after each question.

. My best friend lives ______ Boretz Road.   
a. in
b. on
c. at
2. I'll be ready to leave ____ about twenty minutes.   
a. in
b. on
c. at
3. Since he met his new girlfriend, Juan never seems to be ______ home.   
a. on
b. in
c. at
4. The child responded to his mother's demands ______ throwing a tantrum.   
a. with
b. by
c. from
5. I think she spent the entire afternoon ______ the phone.   
a. on
b. in
c. at
6. I will wait ______ 6:30, but then I'm going home.   
a. from
b. at
c. until
7. The police caught the thief _____ the corner of Cascade and Plum Streets.   
a. in
b. at
c. from
8. My fingers were injured so my sister had to write the note _____ me.   
a. for
b. with
c. to
9. I am not interested _____ buying a new car now.   
a. to
b. for
c. in
10. What are the main ingredients ______ this casserole?   
a. about
b. to
c. of
11. My best friend, John, is named ______ his great-grandfather.   
a. after
b. to
c. about
12. Grandpa stayed up ______ two in the morning.   
a. since
b. for
c. until
13. My parents have been married ______ forty-nine years.   
a. since
b. for
c. until
14. He usually travels to Philadelphia _______ train.   
a. by
b. at
c. with
15. You frequently see this kind of violence ____ television.   
a. with
b. in
c. on
16. I told Mom we'd be home ______ an hour or so.   
a. to
b. in
c. at
17. I was visiting my best friend _____ the hospital.   
a. of
b. at
c. in
18. The professor _______ South Africa amazed the American students with her stories.   
a. from
b. of
c. in
19. I'll see you ____ home when I get there.   
a. in
b. by
c. at
20. It's been snowing ________ Christmas morning.   
a. since
b. for
c. until